Fan art, doujinshi, cosplay and the rules rights holders actually apply to fan creation.

Fair use is American and Japan does not have it. What Article 32 quotation requires, how strikes differ from Content ID claims, and the case that cost two uploaders 500 million yen.

Unpaid cosplay is tolerated everywhere. Paid cosplay is where Japan and the US both start asking questions. What the law covers, and what the 2021 Japanese review concluded.

Fan art is technically a derivative work in both Japan and the United States. Here is what actually protects it, where the line sits, and what gets artists into trouble.